.. sidebar::

    .. list-table:: **Ontology Card**
       :header-rows: 0

       * - **Domain**
         - Upper Ontology
       * - **Category**
         - Upper Ontology
       * - **Current Version**
         - 1.0
       * - **Last Updated**
         - 2025-02-17
       * - **Creator**
         - None
       * - **License**
         - Creative Commons 4.0
       * - **Format**
         - owl
       * - **Download**
         - `Download Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) <https://www.ontologyportal.org/>`_

Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO)
========================================================================================================

The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is one of the largest and most widely used formal upper ontologies, providing a comprehensive framework for representing general concepts and relationships across all domains of knowledge. SUMO and its domain ontologies are used for research and applications in search, linguistics, automated reasoning, and artificial intelligence. SUMO is unique in being formally mapped to the entire WordNet lexicon, enabling semantic integration between natural language and formal knowledge representation. The ontology covers abstract and concrete entities, processes, attributes, relations, and events, supporting logical inference and knowledge discovery. SUMO is open source and maintained by an active community, with ongoing extensions and domain-specific modules for specialized applications. By providing a rigorous semantic foundation, SUMO facilitates interoperability, data integration, and advanced reasoning in knowledge-based systems.

**Example Usage**:
Use SUMO as the upper ontology for a knowledge graph, mapping domain-specific concepts (e.g., "vehicle," "disease," "financial transaction") to SUMO classes and leveraging its logical axioms for automated reasoning and semantic search.

Metrics & Statistics
--------------------------

.. tab:: Graph


    .. list-table:: Graph Statistics
        :widths: 50 50
        :header-rows: 0

        * - **Total Nodes**
          - 288016
        * - **Total Edges**
          - 496645
        * - **Root Nodes**
          - 77015
        * - **Leaf Nodes**
          - 197102
    ::


.. tab:: Coverage


    .. list-table:: Knowledge Coverage Statistics
        :widths: 50 50
        :header-rows: 0

        * - **Classes**
          - 4525
        * - **Individuals**
          - 80034
        * - **Properties**
          - 587

    ::

.. tab:: Hierarchy


    .. list-table:: Hierarchical Metrics
        :widths: 50 50
        :header-rows: 0

        * - **Maximum Depth**
          - 9
        * - **Minimum Depth**
          - 0
        * - **Average Depth**
          - 1.04
        * - **Depth Variance**
          - 1.39
    ::


.. tab:: Breadth


    .. list-table:: Breadth Metrics
        :widths: 50 50
        :header-rows: 0

        * - **Maximum Breadth**
          - 77015
        * - **Minimum Breadth**
          - 10
        * - **Average Breadth**
          - 19045.20
        * - **Breadth Variance**
          - 739917637.16
    ::

.. tab:: LLMs4OL


    .. list-table:: LLMs4OL Dataset Statistics
        :widths: 50 50
        :header-rows: 0

        * - **Term Types**
          - 80280
        * - **Taxonomic Relations**
          - 7174
        * - **Non-taxonomic Relations**
          - 310
        * - **Average Terms per Type**
          - 165.53
    ::

Usage Example
----------------
Use the following code to import this ontology programmatically:

.. code-block:: python

    from ontolearner.ontology import SUMO

    ontology = SUMO()
    ontology.load("path/to/SUMO-ontology.owl")

    # Extract datasets
    data = ontology.extract()

    # Access specific relations
    term_types = data.term_typings
    taxonomic_relations = data.type_taxonomies
    non_taxonomic_relations = data.type_non_taxonomic_relations