.. sidebar::

    .. list-table:: **Ontology Card**
       :header-rows: 0

       * - **Domain**
         - Materials Science and Engineering
       * - **Category**
         - Materials Science
       * - **Current Version**
         - 1.1.9
       * - **Last Updated**
         - 2022-09-20
       * - **Creator**
         - Fraunhofer IWM
       * - **License**
         - Creative Commons 4.0
       * - **Format**
         - owl
       * - **Download**
         - `Download Laser Powder Bed Fusion Ontology (LPBFO) <https://matportal.org/ontologies/LPBFO>`_

Laser Powder Bed Fusion Ontology (LPBFO)
========================================================================================================

The Laser Powder Bed Fusion Ontology (LPBFO) is a domain ontology for describing additive manufacturing processes, specifically Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) and Selective Laser Melting (SLM). LPBFO provides a structured vocabulary for representing process parameters, materials, equipment, component geometries, and quality attributes relevant to LPBF manufacturing. The ontology builds on BFO2.0 and BWMD_mid, and incorporates terminology from ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 to ensure alignment with industry standards. LPBFO supports semantic annotation of digital manufacturing workflows, enabling data integration, process optimization, and sustainability assessment through Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) classes. By providing a standardized framework, LPBFO facilitates interoperability between digital manufacturing systems, quality management, and research databases. The ontology is actively maintained and extended to support new developments in additive manufacturing and sustainability assessment.

**Example Usage**:
Annotate an LPBF manufacturing workflow with LPBFO terms to specify process parameters (e.g., laser power, scan speed), material types, component geometry, and LCA attributes, enabling semantic search and integration with digital manufacturing platforms.

Metrics & Statistics
--------------------------

.. tab:: Graph


    .. list-table:: Graph Statistics
        :widths: 50 50
        :header-rows: 0

        * - **Total Nodes**
          - 1835
        * - **Total Edges**
          - 3548
        * - **Root Nodes**
          - 129
        * - **Leaf Nodes**
          - 1056
    ::


.. tab:: Coverage


    .. list-table:: Knowledge Coverage Statistics
        :widths: 50 50
        :header-rows: 0

        * - **Classes**
          - 508
        * - **Individuals**
          - 0
        * - **Properties**
          - 38

    ::

.. tab:: Hierarchy


    .. list-table:: Hierarchical Metrics
        :widths: 50 50
        :header-rows: 0

        * - **Maximum Depth**
          - 90
        * - **Minimum Depth**
          - 0
        * - **Average Depth**
          - 13.97
        * - **Depth Variance**
          - 590.11
    ::


.. tab:: Breadth


    .. list-table:: Breadth Metrics
        :widths: 50 50
        :header-rows: 0

        * - **Maximum Breadth**
          - 276
        * - **Minimum Breadth**
          - 1
        * - **Average Breadth**
          - 10.16
        * - **Breadth Variance**
          - 1618.27
    ::

.. tab:: LLMs4OL


    .. list-table:: LLMs4OL Dataset Statistics
        :widths: 50 50
        :header-rows: 0

        * - **Term Types**
          - 0
        * - **Taxonomic Relations**
          - 507
        * - **Non-taxonomic Relations**
          - 22
        * - **Average Terms per Type**
          - 0.00
    ::

Usage Example
----------------
Use the following code to import this ontology programmatically:

.. code-block:: python

    from ontolearner.ontology import LPBFO

    ontology = LPBFO()
    ontology.load("path/to/LPBFO-ontology.owl")

    # Extract datasets
    data = ontology.extract()

    # Access specific relations
    term_types = data.term_typings
    taxonomic_relations = data.type_taxonomies
    non_taxonomic_relations = data.type_non_taxonomic_relations